I-electrochemical corrosion idla isinyithi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.Ayisebenzi nje kuphela phakathi kweentsimbi ezimbini, kodwa iphinda ivelise umahluko onokubakho ngenxa yokunganyibiliki kakuhle kwesisombululo, ukunyibilika kakubi kweoksijini, kunye nomahluko omncinci kulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwesinyithi, olwenza ukonakala..Ezinye izinyithi ngokwazo azikwazi ukumelana ne-corrosion, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ifilimu ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela emva kokubola, oko kukuthi, ifilimu ye-passivation, enokuthintela ukubola kwe-medium.Kuyabonakala ukuba ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yokuchasana ne-corrosion yeevalve zetsimbi, enye kukuphelisa ukubola kwe-electrochemical;enye kukuphelisa ukubola kwe-electrochemical;ifilimu ye-passive kufuneka yenziwe kwindawo yesinyithi;eyesithathu kukusebenzisa izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi ngaphandle kokubola kwe-electrochemical endaweni yezinto zetsimbi.Iindlela ezininzi zokulwa nomhlwa zichazwe ngezantsi.
1. Khetha imathiriyeli enganyangekiyo ngokokuphakathi
Kwicandelo elithi "I-Valve Selection", sazisa i-medium efanelekileyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zevalve, kodwa isingeniso esiqhelekileyo kuphela.Kwimveliso yangempela, i-corrosion ye-medium iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, nokuba isetyenziswe kwi-medium Izinto ze-valve ziyafana, ukuxininisa, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-medium kuyahluka, kwaye ukubola kwe-medium ukuya kwizinto eziphathekayo. kwakhona ezahlukeneyo.Xa iqondo lokushisa eliphakathi linyuka nge-10 ° C, izinga lokubola landa malunga ne-1 ukuya ku-3 amaxesha.Ugxininiso oluphakathi lunempembelelo enkulu kwi-corrosion ye-valve materials.Ngokomzekelo, xa ilothe ikwi-asidi ye-sulfuric ene-concentration encinci, ukubola kuncinci kakhulu.Xa i-concentration idlula i-96%, i-corrosion iphakama ngokukhawuleza.Ngokuchasene noko, i-carbon steel ineyona corrosion enzima kakhulu xa ukuxinwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric malunga ne-50%, kwaye xa i-concentration inyuka ibe ngaphezu kwe-6%, i-corrosion iyancipha ngokukhawuleza.Umzekelo, i-aluminiyam idleka kakhulu kwi-asidi ye-nitric egxininisiweyo ene-concentration engaphezu kwe-80%, kodwa i-corrode kakhulu kwindawo ephakathi kunye nephantsi ye-nitric acid.Nangona intsimbi engatyiwayo inokumelana ne-corrosion eyomeleleyo yokungxengxeza i-nitric acid, umhlwa ugabadela ngaphezu kwe-95% ye-nitric acid.
Inokubonwa kwimizekelo engentla ukuba ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwezixhobo ze-valve kufuneka lusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile, ukuhlalutya izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezichaphazela ukubola, kwaye ukhethe izinto eziphathekayo ngokwemigaqo echasene ne-corrosion.
2.Ukusebenzisa izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi
Ukumelana nomhlwa okungeyontsimbi kugqwesileyo.Ngethuba nje ubushushu bokusebenza kwevalve kunye noxinzelelo luhlangabezana neemfuno zezinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi, ayinakucombulula kuphela ingxaki ye-corrosion, kodwa igcina iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo.Umzimba wevalvu, ibhonethi, i-lining, umphezulu wokutywina, njl.njl. ziqhele ukwenziwa ngezinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi.Ngokuphathelele i-gaskets, ukupakishwa kwenziwa ikakhulu ngezinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi.I-valve lining yenziwe ngeeplastiki ezifana ne-polytetrafluoroethylene kunye ne-chlorinated polyether, kunye nerabha efana nerubha yendalo, i-neoprene kunye ne-nitrile irabha, ngelixa umzimba wevalve kunye nesivalo sevalvu ngokubanzi zenziwe ngentsimbi ekhatywayo kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni.Ayiqinisekisi kuphela amandla e-valve, kodwa iphinda iqinisekise ukuba i-valve ayinayo i-corrod.Ivalve yepinki ikwayilwe ngokusekwe kowona mgangatho uphezulu wokuxhathisa umhlwa kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo kwerabha.Kule mihla, kuya kuchaneka ngakumbi nangakumbi ukusebenzisa inayiloni, i-PTFE kunye nezinye iiplastiki, kunye nerabha yendalo kunye nerabha eyenziweyo ukwenza imiphezulu eyahlukeneyo yokutywina kunye namakhonkco okutywina, asetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeevalvu.Ezi zixhobo ezingezizo zetsimbi ezisetyenziselwa ukutywinwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, kungekhona nje ukuchasana nokugqwala okulungileyo, kodwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutywinwa, ngokukodwa kukulungele ukusetyenziswa kwimidiya kunye neengqungquthela.Ngokuqinisekileyo, amandla abo kunye nokuchasana nokushisa kuphantsi, ukunciphisa uluhlu lwezicelo.Ukuvela kwegraphite eguquguqukayo kuzise i-non-metals kwintsimi yobushushu obuphezulu, ixazulule ubunzima bexesha elide lokusombulula ingxaki yokupakisha kunye nokuvuza kwe-gasket, kwaye i-lubricant efanelekileyo yokushisa.
3. Tshaza ipeyinti
Ukwaleka yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokunqanda umhlwa, kwaye yeyona nto ifunekayo yokunqanda umhlwa kunye nophawu lokuchongwa kwiimveliso zevalvu.Iingubo nazo zizinto ezingezo zetsimbi.Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe nge-synthetic resin, i-rubber slurry, i-oyile yemifuno, i-solvent, njl., kwaye zigqume umphezulu wesinyithi ukwahlula okuphakathi kunye ne-atmosphere ukufezekisa iinjongo zokuchasana nokubola.Izinto zokwaleka zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiindawo ezingonakalisi kakhulu, njengamanzi, amanzi anetyuwa, amanzi olwandle, kunye nomoya.Umngxuma ongaphakathi wevalve udla ngokupeyintwa ngepeyinti echasayo ukuthintela amanzi, umoya kunye nolunye uhlobo losasazo lokugqwala kwevalve.Ipeyinti ixutywe nemibala eyahlukeneyo ukubonisa izinto ezisetyenziswa nguFahn.Ivalve itshizwa ngepeyinti, ngokuqhelekileyo kanye rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kunyaka omnye.
4. Yongeza i-corrosion inhibitor
Ukongeza inani elincinci lezinye izinto ezikhethekileyo kwizinto ezidliwayo kunye nezinto ezonakalisayo zinokucothisa kakhulu isantya sokutya kwesinyithi.Le nto ikhethekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-corrosion inhibitor.
Indlela i-corrosion inhibitor elawula ngayo ukubola kukuba ikhuthaza i-polarization yebhetri.I-Corrosion inhibitors isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimidiya kunye neefayili.Ukongeza i-corrosion inhibitor kwindawo ephakathi kunokunciphisa ukubola kwezixhobo kunye neevalvu.Ngokomzekelo, i-chromium-nickel insimbi engenasici kwi-oxygen-free sulfuric acid inoluhlu olubanzi lokunyibilika kwimeko etshiswayo, kwaye i-corrosion iyingozi kakhulu, kodwa inani elincinci le-sulfate yethusi okanye i-nitric acid yongezwa.Xa i-oxidant isetyenzisiweyo, insimbi engenasici ingatshintshwa ibe yimeko ye-passive, kwaye ifilimu ekhuselayo yenziwa phezu komhlaba ukukhusela ukubola kwe-medium.Kwi-hydrochloric acid, ukuba i-oxidant encinci yongezwa, ukubola kwe-titanium kunokunciphisa.Amanzi ahlala esetyenziswa njengendawo yovavanyo loxinzelelo kuvavanyo loxinzelelo lwevalvu, ekulula ukubangela ukubola kwevalvu.Ukongeza inani elincinci le-nitrite ye-sodium emanzini kunokuthintela amanzi ukuba angagqwali ivalve.Ukupakishwa kwe-asbestos kuqulethe i-chlorides, eyonakalisa isiqu sevalve kakhulu.Ukuba indlela yokuhlamba ngamanzi adibeneyo isetyenzisiweyo, umxholo wekloridi unokuncitshiswa.Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inzima ukuyisebenzisa kwaye ayinakukhuthazwa ngokubanzi.I-ester ifanelekile kwiimfuno ezizodwa.
Ukuze ukhusele i-valve stem kunye nokuthintela ukubola kwe-asbestos yokupakisha, i-valve stem igcwele i-corrosion inhibitor kunye nentsimbi yedini kwi-asbestos yokupakisha.I-corrosion inhibitor yenziwe nge-nitrite ye-sodium kunye ne-sodium chromate, enokuthi yenze ifilimu ye-passivation kumphezulu we-valve stem ukuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ye-valve stem;i-solvent inokunyibilikisa kancinci i-corrosion inhibitor kwaye idlale indima yokuthambisa;kwi-asbestos i-Zinc powder yongezwa njengentsimbi yombingelelo.Enyanisweni, i-zinc nayo i-corrosion inhibitor.Inokuqala ukudibanisa ne-chloride kwi-asbestos, ukwenzela ukuba ukudibanisa phakathi kwekloride kunye ne-valve stem metal kuncitshiswe kakhulu, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuchasana nokubola.Ukuba i-corrosion inhibitor efana nebomvu ebomvu kunye ne-calcium lead acid yongezwa kwipeyinti, ukutshiza kumphezulu wevalve kunokuthintela ukuhlwa kwe-atmospheric.
5. Ukukhuselwa kwe-Electrochemical
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokukhusela i-electrochemical: ukukhuselwa kwe-anodic kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-cathodic.Okubizwa ngokuba yi-anodic ukhuseleko kukusebenzisa isinyithi esikhuselayo njenge-anode ukwazisa i-current yangaphandle ngqo ukunyusa amandla e-anode kwicala elihle.Xa inyuka kwixabiso elithile, ifilimu ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela yenziwa phezu kwendawo ye-anode yensimbi, eyifilimu ye-passivation.I-Corrosion ye-cathodes yensimbi iyancipha kakhulu.Ukhuseleko lwe-Anodic lufanelekile kwiintsimbi ezigqithiswa ngokulula.Okubizwa ngokuba yi-cathodic ukukhusela kuthetha ukuba insimbi ekhuselweyo isetyenziswe njenge-cathode, kwaye i-current ngqo isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa amandla ayo kwicala elibi.Xa ifikelela kwixabiso elithile elinokubakho, isantya sangoku sokubola siyancitshiswa kwaye isinyithi sikhuselekile.Ukongeza, ukukhuselwa kwe-cathodic kunokukhusela intsimbi ekhuselweyo ngetsimbi enokuthi i-electrode ingabikho ngaphezu kwentsimbi ekhuselweyo.Ukuba i-zinc isetyenziselwa ukukhusela isinyithi, i-zinc i-corrod, kwaye i-zinc ibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi yedini.Kwimveliso yokuvelisa, ukukhuselwa kwe-anodic kusetyenziswa ngaphantsi, kwaye ukukhuselwa kwe-cathodic kusetyenziswa ngakumbi.Iivalve ezinkulu kunye nezibalulekileyo zisebenzisa le ndlela yokukhusela i-cathodic, eyona ndlela yoqoqosho, elula kunye nesebenzayo.I-Zinc yongezwa kwi-asbestos filler ukukhusela i-valve stem, ekwayeyendlela yokukhusela i-cathodic.
6. Unyango lwentsimbi
Iinkqubo zonyango zesinyithi zingcono kunokwaleka okuleleyo, ukungena komphezulu, ukugqithisa kwe-oxidation yomhlaba, njl.Iivalvu eziphathwe ngomphezulu zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
I-valve yokudibanisa i-screw idla ngokuba yi-galvanized, i-chrome-plated, kunye ne-oxidized (blued) ukuphucula ukuchasana ne-atmospheric and medium corrosion.Ukongeza kwezi ndlela zikhankanywe ngasentla kwezinye izibophelelo, unyango olungaphezulu olufana ne-phosphating lukwasetyenziswa ngokwemeko.
Umphezulu wokutywina kunye neendawo zokuvala ezine-caliber encinci zihlala zisebenzisa iinkqubo zangaphezulu ezifana ne-nitriding kunye ne-boronizing ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokumelana nokunxiba.Idiskhi yevalve eyenziwe nge-38CrMoAlA, umaleko we-nitrided mkhulu okanye ulingana no-0.4mm.
Ingxaki ye-valve stem anti-corrosion yingxaki eqwalaselwa ngabantu.Siqokelele amava emveliso atyebileyo.Iinkqubo zonyango ezingaphezulu ezifana ne-nitriding, i-boronizing, i-chrome plating kunye ne-nickel plating zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokuxhathisa ukukrazula.ukusebenza kokulimala.Unyango lomphezulu olwahlukileyo kufuneka lulungele izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zevalve kunye neendawo zokusebenza.I-valve stem edibana nomoya, umphunga wamanzi ophakathi kunye nokupakishwa kwe-asbestos kunokugqithwa nge-chrome enzima kunye nenkqubo ye-nitriding yegesi (insimbi engenasici ayifanelekanga inkqubo ye-ion nitriding);Kwi-atmospheric ye-hydrogen sulfide, i-valve i-electroplated nge-coating ye-nickel ephezulu ye-phosphorus, enomsebenzi ongcono wokukhusela;I-38CrMoAlA inokuxhathisa ukubola nge-ion kunye ne-nitriding yegesi, kodwa ayifanelekanga ukusebenzisa i-chromium eqinileyo yokwambathisa;I-2Cr13 inokuxhathisa i-ammonia corrosion emva kokucima kunye nokuvutha.Intsimbi yeCarbon isebenzisa i-nitriding yegesi nayo iyamelana ne-ammonia corrosion, ngelixa zonke iingubo ze-phosphorus-nickel azikwazi ukumelana ne-ammonia corrosion;Emva kwe-nitriding yegesi, i-38CrMoAlA imathiriyeli inokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo kunye nokusebenza okubanzi, kwaye isetyenziselwa izikhondo ezininzi zevalvu.
Imizimba yevalvu enomdamitha omncinci kunye namavili esandla nawo ahlala efakwe nge-chrome ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokuhombisa ivalve.
7. Ukutshiza nge-thermal
Ukutshiza nge-thermal luhlobo lwebhloko yenkqubo yokulungiselela iingubo kwaye ibe yinye yezobuchwepheshe obutsha bokukhusela izinto eziphathekayo.Yiprojekthi yesizwe engundoqo yokukhuthaza.Isebenzisa umthombo wobushushu woxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu (ilangatye lokutsha kwerhasi, i-arc yombane, iplasma arc, ubushushu bombane, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwerhasi, njl.njl.) ukutshisa nokunyibilikisa isinyithi okanye izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi, emva koko zitshizwe kwindawo esisiseko eqale yalungiswa. uhlobo lwe-atomization ukwenza i-coating yokutshiza., okanye ukufudumeza umgangatho osisiseko ngexesha elifanayo, ukwenzela ukuba i-coating iyancibilika kwakhona kumphezulu we-substrate, kwaye inkqubo yokuqinisa umphezulu we-spray welding layer yenziwa.Uninzi lwesinyithi kunye ne-alloys yazo, i-metal oxide ceramics, i-cermet composites, kunye neekhompawundi zetsimbi eqinile zinokugqutywa kwi-metallic okanye i-non-metallic substrates ngendlela enye okanye ngaphezulu ye-thermal spray.
Ukutshiza nge-Thermal kunokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwayo kwi-corrosion, ukumelana nokunxiba, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nezinye iipropathi, kunye nokwandisa ubomi bayo benkonzo.I-Thermal spray coating enemisebenzi ekhethekileyo ineempawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokugquma ukushisa, ukugquma (okanye umbane owahlukileyo), ukutywinwa okugubayo, ukuzithambisa, ukutshisa ukushisa, ukukhuselwa kwe-electromagnetic, njl.;iindawo zinokulungiswa ngokutshiza nge-thermal.
8. Lawula imeko-bume eyonakalisayo
Into ebizwa ngokuba yimekobume inezivamvo ezimbini ezibanzi kunye neemvakalelo emxinwa.Imeko-bume ebanzi ibhekiselele kubume obungqonge indawo yofakelo lwevalvu kunye nendawo yayo yangaphakathi yokujikelezisa;indawo yengqiqo emxinwa ibhekiselele kwiimeko ezingqonge indawo yofakelo lwevalvu.Uninzi lweendawo ezisingqongileyo azikwazi ukulawulwa kwaye iinkqubo zemveliso azinakuguqulwa ngaphandle kwesizathu.Kuphela kwimeko yokuba ayiyi kubangela umonakalo kwimveliso, inkqubo, njl., indlela yokulawula imeko-bume ingasetyenziselwa, njengamanzi e-boiler deoxidizing, ukulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH ye-alkali yasekhaya kwinkqubo yokucoca, njl. le mbono, ukongezwa okukhankanywe ngasentla kwe-corrosion inhibitors, ukukhuselwa kwe-electrochemical, njl.
I-atmosfera izele luthuli, umphunga wamanzi kunye nomsi, ngakumbi kwindawo yemveliso, efana ne-halogen yomsi, iigesi ezinetyhefu kunye nomgubo ocolekileyo okhutshwa zizixhobo, oya kugqwalisa ivalve ukuya kumaqondo ahlukeneyo.Abaqhubi kufuneka bahlambuluke rhoqo kwaye bahlambulule i-valve kwaye bafake i-refuel rhoqo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo kwiinkqubo zokusebenza, eziyimilinganiselo esebenzayo yokulawula ukubola kokusingqongileyo.I-valve stem ifakwe kunye nekhava yokukhusela, i-valve yomhlaba ifakwe kumhlaba kakuhle, kwaye i-valve surface ifafazwe ngepeyinti, njl., Zizo zonke iindlela zokuthintela ukubola kwe-valve equkethe izinto ezitshabalalisayo.Ubushushu obuphakamileyo be-ambient kunye nongcoliseko lomoya, ngakumbi izixhobo kunye neevalvu kwindawo evaliweyo, ziya kukhawulezisa ukubola kwazo.Iindibano zocweyo ezivulekileyo okanye amanyathelo okungenisa umoya kunye nokupholisa kufuneka zamkelwe kangangoko ukucothisa ukuhlwa kokusingqongileyo.
9. Ukuphucula iteknoloji yokucubungula kunye nesakhiwo sevalve
Ukukhuselwa kwe-valve ye-anti-corrosion yingxaki eqwalaselwa kuyilo, imveliso yevalve enoyilo olufanelekileyo lwesakhiwo kunye nendlela echanekileyo yenkqubo.Akungabazeki ukuba inefuthe elihle ekunciphiseni ukubola kwevalve.
OKUNGABUYELI IVAVVU ZOKUHLOLA
1.Ibhonethi eBolted, kunye nohlobo lwegasket yeflange ephakathi inokwahluka ngokodidi loxinzelelo.
2.Isixhobo sokumisa iDisc ukunqanda idiski ekuvulweni phezulu kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukusilela ukuvalwa.
I-3.I-Pin eSolid ifakwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye inikwe amandla aphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza komsebenzi kunye nobomi benkonzo yeevalvu.
4.Ingalo yeRocker inikwe ubunzulu obaneleyo ,Emva kokuba ivalwe phantsi,Inenkululeko eyaneleyo yokuvala iivalvu zeDiskhi.
Idiskhi ye-5.Valve inikwa ukuqina okwaneleyo kunye nobungqongqo, iDisc yokutywinwa komphezulu mhlawumbi eyakhelwe-up edityanisiweyo ngemathiriyeli enzima okanye eyakhiwe ngezinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi eziphendula izicelo zabasebenzisi.
6.I-Large Size Swing Check Valve ibonelelwa ngeeNdandatho zokuPhakamisa zokuPhakamisa.
UKUJONGA OKUJONGA IVAVAVU
1. Umzimba: Imizimba yentsimbi ye-RXVAL ephosayo ibonelela ngokuhamba okuphantsi koxhathiso kunye namandla awona aphezulu kunye nokusebenza.
2. I-inshorensi: I-inshorensi ivumela ukufikelela kumalungu angaphakathi.
3. I-Gasket ye-Inshorensi: I-gasket yokugquma yenza itywina elingavuzi phakathi kwebhonethi kunye nomzimba.
4. Isihlalo sokuhlala: Ukuqinisekisa ukuvala okuzinzile, isihlalo sokuhlala silungelelaniswa kwaye sitywinwe sitywinwe kwi-valve, emva koko sichaneke umhlaba wokuhlala ngokufanelekileyo.
5. I-Disc: I-disc ivumela ukuhamba kwe-uni-directional kwaye inqande ukuhamba ngasemva kunye neengxaki zokuvala ngaphandle.
6. Ingalo ejingi: Ingalo ejingi ivumela idiski ukuba ivuleke kwaye ivale.
7. & 8. I-Disc Nut & Pin: I-disc nut kunye ne-pin ikhusela i-disc kwingalo yokujingi.
9. I-Hinge Pin: Iphini yehinge ibonelela ngendlela ezinzileyo ukuze ingalo yokujingi isebenze.
10. Iplagi: Iplagi ikhusela iphini yengalo ngaphakathi kwevalve.
11. I-Plag Gasket: I-gasket yeplagi idala itywina elingavuziyo phakathi kweplagi nomzimba.
12. & 13. Ii-Studs ze-Inshorensi & Nuts: Izixhobo zokugquma kunye namandongomane zikhusela ibhonethi emzimbeni.
14. I-eyebolt: I-eyebolt isetyenziselwa ukunceda ekuphakamiseni ivalve
Qaphela: Iiklasi ze-150 kunye ne-300 zisebenzisa ipini yehinge yangaphandle
BRONZE Isango Ivalve FLANGE ISIPHELO
I-1) Ukumelana nokuhamba kuncinci.Umjelo ophakathi ngaphakathi kumzimba we-valve uthe tye, i-medium flowing in a straight line, kunye nokumelana nokuhamba kuncinci.
2)Kuyonga kakhulu abasebenzi xa uvula naxa uvala.Xa kuthelekiswa nevalve yehlabathi, kuba ingaba ivulekile okanye ivaliwe, ulwalathiso lokuhamba kwesango luyi-perpendicular ukuya kwi-flow direction of medium.
3) Ubude bukhulu kwaye ixesha lokuvula kunye nokuvala lide.Ukuvula nokuvalwa kwesango kukhulu, kwaye ukunyuswa kunye nokunciphisa kuqhutyelwa nge-screw.
I-4) Into yehamile yamanzi ayilula ukuba yenzeke.Isizathu lixesha elide lokuvala.
5) I-medium inokuhamba kuyo nayiphi na indlela kumacala omabini, okulula ukuyifaka.Ishaneli yevalvu yesango i-symmetrical kumacala omabini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-23-2022